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An image schema is a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. Image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions, from linguistic experience, and from historical context. The term is explained in Mark Johnson's book ''The Body in the Mind'', in case study 2 of George Lakoff's ''Women, Fire and Dangerous Things'' and by Rudolf Arnheim in ''Visual Thinking''. In contemporary cognitive linguistics, an image schema is considered an embodied prelinguistic structure of experience that motivates conceptual metaphor mappings. Evidence for image schemata is drawn from a number of related disciplines, including work on cross-modal cognition in psychology, from spatial cognition in both linguistics and psychology, cognitive linguistics,〔Croft, W., & Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics (p. 374). New York: Cambridge University Press.〕 and from neuroscience. ==Johnson: From image schemas to abstract reasoning via metaphor== Image schemas are dynamic embodied patterns—they take place ''in'' and ''through'' time. Moreover, they are multi-modal patterns of experience, not simply visual. For instance, consider how the dynamic nature of the containment schema is reflected in the various spatial senses of the English word ''out''. ''Out'' may be used in cases where a clearly defined trajector (TR) leaves a spatially bounded landmark (LM), as in: :(1a) John went out of the room. :(1b) Mary got out of the car. :(1c) Spot jumped out of the pen. In the most prototypical of such cases the landmark is a clearly defined container. However, ''out'' may also be used to indicate those cases where the trajector is a mass that spreads out, effectively expanding the area of the containing landmark: :(2a) She poured out the beans. :(2b) Roll out the carpet. :(2c) Send out the troops. Finally, ''out'' is also often used to describe motion along a linear path where the containing landmark is implied and not defined at all: :(3) The train started out for Chicago. Experientially basic and primarily spatial image schemas such as the Containment schema and its derivatives the Out schemas lend their logic to non-spatial situations. For example, one may metaphorically use the term ''out'' to describe non-spatial experiences: :(4) Leave out that big log when you stack the firewood. (Schema used directly and non-metaphorically.) :(4a) I don't want to leave any relevant data out of my argument. (Schema metaphorically projected onto argumentation.) :(4b) Tell me your story again, and don't leave out any details. (Schema metaphorically projected onto story-telling.) :(4c) She finally came out of her depression. (Schema metaphorically projected onto emotional life.) Johnson argues that more abstract reasoning is shaped by such underlying spatial patterns. For example, he notes that the logic of containment is not just a matter of being in or out of the container. For example, if someone is in a ''deep'' depression, we know it is likely to be a long time before they are well. The deeper the trajector is in the container, the longer it will take for the trajector to get out of it. Similarly, Johnson argues that transitivity and the law of the excluded middle in logic are underlaid by preconceptual embodied experiences of the Containment schema. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Image schema」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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